The report finds that the key strategy used is the concept of constructive competition. Universities compete. Public universities were re-registered as non-profit-making private companies. Universities and their faculties open and close with ease. Singapore also openly plays the ranking game. Its universities are quick to focus on publications and the internationalization of its campuses. This is often done by partnering with top universities in the United States. Budget and human resource plans follow the same direction: faculty members must publish, and they can be of any nationality.